Hannya 般若

Hannya (般若) is perhaps the most iconic image in Japanese folklore—a terrifying female demon born not from hell, but from the depths of human jealousy and unrequited love.

Meaning and Origin

The word Hannya surprisingly comes from the Sanskrit Prajna, meaning “wisdom.” One theory suggests the name refers to a monk-carver named Hannya-bō who perfected the demon mask.

In folklore, a Hannya is a woman who has been so consumed by rage, betrayal, or obsession that she undergoes a physical transformation into a monster. This transformation is divided into three stages: Namanari (human-like with small horns), Chunari (the classic demon mask), and Honnari (a true, powerful serpent-demon).

Characteristics

The Hannya is defined by her mask: two sharp bull-like horns, metallic eyes, and a wide, leering mouth filled with fangs.

The true artistry of the Hannya mask is its “dual expression.” When the mask is viewed straight on, it looks fearsome and angry. However, when the actor tilts the mask slightly downward, the shadows make the eyes look like they are weeping, revealing the intense sorrow and pain that drives the demon’s rage.

Legends

Hannya are the antagonists of many famous Noh plays. In Aoi no Ue, the spirit of Lady Rokujō becomes a Hannya to torment her rival out of jealousy for Prince Genji.

In Dōjōji, the woman Kiyohime transforms into a Hannya (and eventually a giant serpent) to pursue a priest who broke his promise to her. These legends serve as a cultural warning about the destructive power of “attached love” (shūjaku)—the kind of love that turns into a curse when it becomes an obsession.